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Of the 49 million students enrolled in public schools in 2011-2012:
3.5 million students were suspended in-school;
3.45 million students were suspended out-of-school;
130,000 students were expelled.
Various data sources show clearly that students with disabilities and students of color are disproportionately impacted by such practices. According to the Civil Rights Data Collection, black students are suspended and expelled at a rate three times greater than white students, while students with disabilities are twice as likely to receive an out-of-school suspension as their non-disabled peers. Sources of discipline data and research can be found here.
Featured
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New Equity in IDEA, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM)
The nation's special education law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) aims to ensure fairness in the identification, placement, and discipline of students with disabilities. Yet disparities persist. Students of color remain more likely to be identified as having a disability and face harsher discipline than their white classmates. The U.S. Department of Education took a critical step towards addressing these widespread disparities in the treatment of students of color with disabilities by proposing a new Equity in IDEA Rule.Equity in IDEA NPRM (unofficial copy) (PDF, 2.2MB)
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New Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education
A Multi-Year Disproportionality Analysis by State, Analysis Category, and Race/Ethnicity
This report provides a set of tables showing the number and percentage of school districts that would be identified with significant disproportionality if ED's example risk ratio thresholds were adopted by all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education (PDF, 3.1MB)
- The Hidden Cost of Suspension:
How can kids learn if they're not in school?
Explore two maps illustrating out-of-school suspensions across the country.
| Demographic | Map | Description |
|---|---|---|
![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of All Students who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-all.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/allstdmissing.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.7MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of All Students With Disabilities (IDEA) who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-all-swd.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/allswdmissing.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.7MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of Black Students who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-black.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/bstdmissing.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.6MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of Black Male Students with Disabilities (IDEA) who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-black.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/bmaleswdmissing.1200.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.9MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of Black Female Students with Disabilities (IDEA) who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-black.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/bfemaleswdmissing.1200.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.9MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of Hispanic Students who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-hispanic.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/hstdmissing.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.6MB ] |
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![Go to the full-sized map showing the Percentage of Native American Students who Have Received One or More Out of School Suspensions by District (2011-12). Accessible Data Tables also available [www2.ed.gov /policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/oss-data-table-native-american.xls]](/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/images/nastdmissing.png)
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Data Tables: [ Excel, 1.5MB ] |
Civil Rights Data Collection
The Civil Rights Data Collection is the U.S. Department of Education's primary data source on monitoring educational programs and services for civil rights compliance.
IDEA, Section 618 Data
State data about the infants and toddlers who receive early intervention services and children with disabilities who receive special education and related services. This includes information about disciplinary removals of students with disabilities, ages 3-21.
Research on Discipline Disparities and Overusage
Recent studies describing discipline practices in different regions of the country.
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education—A Multi-Year Disproportionality Analysis by State, Analysis Category, and Race/Ethnicity
This report provides a set of tables showing the number and percentage of school districts that would be identified with significant disproportionality if ED's example risk ratio thresholds were adopted by all 50 states and the District of Columbia.Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education (PDF, 3.1MB)
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Breaking Schools Rules Study (2011)
Council of State Governments -
Disproportionality in School Discipline: An Assessment of Trends in Maryland, 2009–12
Institute for Education Sciences Suspension and Expulsion Patterns in Six Oregon School Districts (2014)
Regional Education Laboratories Northwest
