A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Studies of Education Reform

The Uses of Time for
Teaching and Learning

October 1996

Table of Contents

Title Page
Preface
Acknowledgments

• I. Introduction
  • Quantity of Time in School
  • Quality of Time in School
  • Students' Uses of Nonschool Time
  • Research Questions
• II. (RE)structuring Time to Create Effective Conditions for Teaching
  and Learning: An Introduction to the Study Sites
  • Schools That Are Breaking Time Barriers
• III. Alternative Uses of Time and Student Learning
  • Curriculum and Instruction
  • Student Outcomes
  • The Fourth and Fifth "R's": Responsibility and Respect
  • Concluding Observations About Time and Student Learning
• IV. Resources Required to Alter the Uses of Time for Learning
  • Increasing the Quantity of Time for Teaching and Learning
  • Time as a Resource for Planning, Implementation and Professional Development
  • Additional Structural Resources to Support Improvement
  • Garnering Resources: The Role of Entrepreneurship
  • The Special Case of Schools with Very Limited Annual Operating Budgets
  • Concluding Observations about Resources Necessary to Alter the Uses of Time
• V. Time-Related Innovations and Teachers' Work Lives
  • Teacher Time and Compensation
  • Teachers' Learning Needs and Students' Learning Needs
  • Accountability and Time for Reform
  • Collaboration and School Structure
  • Concluding Observations about Teachers' Time and School Reform
• VI. Implications for Policy and Practice Regarding Education Reform
  • The Size Issue
  • Flexibility
  • Choices
• VII. Implications for Needed Research
  • Needed Research on Quantity of Time in School
  • Needed Research on Quality of Time in School
  • Needed Research on the Uses of Nonschool Time

References

List of Exhibits and Figures

Figure II-1 Starting Year and Original Purpose of Time-Related Innovation, by Site
Figure II-2 Study Sites, by Time-Related Innovations and Other Selected Characteristics
Exhibit III-1
Exhibit III-2

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